Power system protection review. Distance protection schemes: permissive Under-reach transfer tripping, permissive overreach transfer tripping, directional comparison blocking, and direct transfer tripping. Rotating machines protection: stator and field faults and protection, loss of excitation, and abnormal voltages. Differential protection principles: line differential, transformer differential, and bus-bar differential: low and high impedance bus-bar protection. Numerical relaying: introduction, protection philosophy, basic hardware and protection schemes, protection algorithms, microprocessor application to protective relays, Matlab simulation of numerical relays. Communication schemes for power systems protection: power line carriers, optical fiber, and microwave. Protection schemes for the distribution network with distributed generators: protection philosophies and challenges, fault characteristics of renewables including PVs and wind generators. Adaptive relaying.